Application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to the Bioflapon Manufacturing Process Using the CML-Baseline Method at Pilot Plant Scale
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Abstract
Bioflapon is a construction material developed as an alternative to gypsum, widely used as ceiling panels. As the demand for gypsum continues to increase, other alternatives such as bioflapon need to be evaluated. This study assesses the environmental impacts of pilot-scale bioflapon production using a Life Cycle Assessment approach. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment is conducted using the CML method, focusing on four key impact categories: Global Warming Potential (GWP), acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity. The bioflapon production consists of two main stages: transportation and processing. The processing includes pulverisation, mixing, and curing. It shows that transportation and curing are the major contributors to environmental impacts. Transportation has the highest contribution to GWP (0.94 kg CO₂ eq), acidification (5.5 × 10⁻³ kg SO₂ eq), and human toxicity (0.41 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene eq), mainly due to fuel use and emissions. In contrast, eutrophication is dominated by the curing stage, with a value of 2.5 × 10⁻³ kg PO₄³⁻ eq, associated with high energy consumption. These findings indicate that efforts to reduce the environmental impacts of bioflapon production should focus on optimising transportation and improving energy efficiency during the curing process.
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